The Technology of Gender Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Technology of Gender - Assignment Example Over the progression of time, with more noteworthy portrayal of ladies in the workforce, sexual orientation has gotten restricted to family matters and lack of care toward sex is found in the social system. The innovation of sexual orientation is the term used to allude to those arrangements of social practices which assume a job in making a body gendered. This course’s hypothetical premise is the conceptualization and verbalization of the human body inside specific talks of culture that incorporate yet are not constrained to religion, law, medication, and economy. These talks depend on the most profound social philosophies and conviction frameworks and together structure a system that directs specific manners by which people should think, carry on, and connect with each other and with the earth. Four recommendations made in the article when referenced sequentially in diminishing request of self-proof incorporate; sex is a portrayal, this portrayal is the development of sexual orientation, the procedure of sex development is as compelling today as it was previously, and the deconstruction of sex influences its development. In this article, the writer has praised upon the impression of philosophy as being without outside. The creator proposes that there exists an outside to belief system, â€Å"a place from where philosophy can be seen for what it is †confusion, fanciful connection, fleece over one’s eyes; and that place is†¦scientific knowledge† (de Lauretis). I might want to second the creator in this since science provides a clarification for a marvel based on target thinking and rationale. Portrayal of the subject of women's liberation by the development as ideological portrayal all through the sex is a to and fro development between sexual orientation portrayal and what is made unrepresentable by the sex.

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbecks Themes of Strength and Sacrifice

Subjects of Strength and Sacrifice in The Grapes of Wrath,   In Steinbeck's epic, The Grapes of Wrath, Ma Joad and Rose of Sharon graphically depict the subjects of solidarity and sacrifice.  They are all inclusive characters, the individuals who make up the structure holding the system together in each nation.  Through them we comprehend the requirement for solidarity and we feel the franticness of the billions of workers who battle each day just to endure.             Throughout the story Ma is a model of the quality of the human spirit.  For instance, Steinbeck says of her, on the off chance that she influenced the family shook, and on the off chance that she ever actually profoundly faltered or gave up the family would fall, the family will to capacity would be gone.  She is the establishment whereupon the remainder of the family stands.  Just as when a solitary driblet of color is dropped into a glass of water and scatters all through, her quality penetrates to the remainder of the family, imbuing them with her mightiness.  Also, when the Wilson’s vehicle stalls and Pa proposes separating only for a brief timeframe until the vehicle is fixed she undermines him with a jack handle.  She realizes that all they have on the planet is one another and without one another to clutch they have nothing.  There is a truism one discovers comfort in numbers anyway for this situation comfort is supplanted with survival.  furthermore, close to the finish of the book, when the train units have overflowed and it appears to be the sum total of what expectation has been lost Ma drives the family to higher ground.  Despite the despondency she believes she defeats it to do what must be done to guarantee that they make due to live another day.  Her quality gives her the force ascend above adve... ...s of individuals they exploit.  They are in actuality lower than those they think about subordinate. 1.      Your proposition articulation shows up toward the start of your paper.  Thesis proclamations for the most part come toward the finish of the initial paragraph.  2.      Be certain to refer to your statements with the name of the creator and the page number on which the specific statement can be found.  â€Å"Blah† (Steinbeck 13). 3.      You have great end paragraph.  You consolidate the quality of the characters and apply it to the present reality. 4.      Overall, you have a solid paper, simply make certain to help your composition with cites from the novel.  You have one great statement yet a statement to help the section on Rose of Sharon would have reinforced your paper.   

My Second Fifth Week

My Second… Fifth Week Okay, so its been inexcusably long since I last wrote here. This is probably a good indicator of how busy one can get at MIT if he or she tries. :-) Physics is a continual thorn in my side, but everything else seems to be going well. The weather has been great the past couple days, Ive been meeting with various faculty to shape the perfect path for the future, Ive been working on some projects on the side Ultimately, though, what Im here to do is tell you about life at MIT. Selections all over and the fate of the MIT Class of 2010 is (more or less) set in stone. Youre eagerly awaiting your decisions now, for the first time ever, *online* and Im here thinking about how awesome CPWs going to be next month. I cant wait to meet you all, really! French class is a lot of fun, and were investigating some interesting topics in my intercultural communication course. In the next couple of weeks, Ill write a five-page paper on the different communication cultures of men and women, with preparatory reading of You Just Dont Understand by Deborah Tannen. It sounds more like a marriage counseling book than like something youd come across at MIT, but I suppose most anything can be defined as a culture. Indeed, we spend the first class day doing just that. :) Ive kept a strong outlook of what lies ahead, especially as the second semester wears on. I continue to lean toward a major in management science, with a keen focus on transportation systems through a concentration in operations research, and minors in Applied International Studies, and in something within the urban studies/planning program. And for later, Im looking at the MS in transportation offered by the civil engineering department. After a long week of homework and meetings, I took today off and went for a walk around downtown Boston. I hadnt talked to my Dad in about a week, and so just as I was holding an ice cream cup near the theater district, he called. I had to balance the cup on a concrete post for a few minutes before I could explain that it would be a lot better if I could call back later. :-P Okay, thats that. If I had something truly interesting to write, Id be writing it, but sometimes classes just hum along, the days substance providing for little reflection. How are you guys spending these pre-Spring Break days, and furthermore, what are you doing for Spring Break?

The Impact of Social Media - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1491 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT The technology is growing fast, especially this past decade and younger generations are the ones who are getting involved in this rapid change. The online world, over the last few years has been constantly changing. Different kinds of companies have developed social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram etc., that are changing the way people interact online. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact of Social Media" essay for you Create order I can say that now its easier than ever to exchange and share ideas, opinions, collaborations on projects and share media content (videos, photos, audio files via social media). The teaching and learning process are currently experiencing a technological revolution, mainly because social media is presently used by the faculty or administrators to communicate with students outside or inside the classroom. There are various ways in which social media is used by faculty for professional and pedagogical purposes (Yuen, 2011). Over Seventy-three percent of teens in America are active on social media. Some studies have shown that it can also influence students behavior making them procrastinate, drink or even do drugs. I believe social media will never completely replace education but, it can assist with educational practices while it can improve teaching efficiency and increase learning experiences (Blankenship, 2011). Introduction The usage of social media among students has reached high levels and has affected study time, poor grammar and wrong spellings when socializing as well as diverting the attention from studying (Ndaku, 2013). Some students spend much of the study time on social websites rather than in academic undertakings in which it has influence the Grade Point Average (GPA). It has changed the world in which we live and has affected global communication. Every day more than Ninety percent of college students visit a social network site (Connolly, 2011). While a couple of decades ago, people had to spend enormous sums of money on phone calls or waited for months to send and receive a paper letter, which in contrary social media and networks have emerged to enable unlimited, instant, and free global communication. With the help of this innovation, people have become closer to each other and can share information and multimedia, exchange messages, and track each others online activity with their soc ial accounts. However, this trend is not seen as a positive change only; while people have become closer and erased the geographical boundaries in communication, this has not in any way made communication simpler. With so many opportunities for socializing, people are as lonely as never before, and even having hundreds of friends online does not guarantee you sincerity and closeness of relationships. With all these, do social media imply a positive or negative effect on the society? Social Media as a Phenomenon Social media are sites used by many people to pass time when they are not busy as these platforms contain a lot of information ranging from news and photos to trending topics and funny videos. Social media networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are a modern way which most people around the world use to connect to friends they cannot be in physical contact with, connect to trending topics or issues around the world. People think that browsing these sites will make you feel connected to a large community by chatting, sharing pictures or videos with people who are either near you or far away from you. However, with this large-scale development in technology today, many applications have been developed and can be used to create fake images of people at different places, create fake news which are then posted on social media and therefore there is a great need for social media users to be able to differentiate authentic content from fake ones. Social media is indeed un ique from other forms of communications and collaboration (Bradley, 2011). Therefore, it provides a unique form of entertainment to people and prevents boredom. Social media users spend their spare time scrolling up and down their news feeds to find interesting things that they can either use in their daily lives or just to make them laugh. People also tend to depend their everyday living on social media. For example, Celebrities use Likes and Shares of their followers or friends and make money but also, they gain satisfaction towards themselves and provide their worth. The problem here is that people become so emotionally attached to the social media that even their social standards change. Effects In this modern technological age, people have become dependent on social media and because of this fact, peoples activities, behavior, decisions, and directions have become influenced by what they see or hear from it. The power of social media in exposing people to reality arises from the extensive sharing of images and videos by different people from different parts of the world (Ramos, 2017). Through the online world, therefore, people are able to get connected to the reality of situations or events happening in different parts of the world. These pictures and videos of different events happening around the world bring out different emotions to people such as anger and compassion. Before social media, bullying was something only done face-to-face. However, now, someone can be bullied online anonymously. Today everyone knows what cyberbullying is, and most of us have seen what it can do to a person. The anonymity that social networks provide can be used by the perpetrators to gain peoples trust and then terrorize them in front of their peers. While social media provides an easier way of making friends, it also makes it easier for predators to find victims. Younger people are using mass communication without realizing the consequences. (Wallis, 2012). These online attacks often leave deep mental scars and even drive people to suicide in some cases. There have been instances where younger children have committed suicide as the result of negative things that have been posted about them on the internet, or even kill their family members as the result of being inspired by different sites or videogames and parental controls are available to ensure website are access that are inappropriate for certain age groups, but they cannot protect young folks from what is being posted by their other friends. Social media and networking are often used as an outlet and peers can post things that are potentially hurting to others. Some other effects can be anxiety and depression as a result of spending too much time on social media. Social media act as a stimulant, smartphone itself can inhibit the production of melatonin, the sleep hormone which leads to poor sleep which numerous studies have proven and shown that increased use of social media has a negative effect on your sleep quality and the lack of it can be a motivation to be more active on social media at night. Psychology of Social Media Social media sets a social standard for what is beautiful and perfect, especially in womens perspective. Women who use social media a lot tend to adopt the social media standards of beauty. All those are promoted by social media to set a particular standard in beauty. Women follow what they see because they want to fit with the social standard to be called pretty. May it be a usage of makeup, trying different diets just to be skinny, or using different beauty products to achieve lighter skin? Dove conducted a research in 2014 and the results have shown that there are over five million tweets of women about themselves and their beauty standards. Some tweets also stated that women are largely affected by what social media and that standard changes over time, making women change their attitude towards beauty too. I believe everything in this world has its advantages and disadvantages, we just have to learn how to use both in a way that will benefit us without affecting other people. As with everything else, social media brings both good and bad things into our lives. At the end of the day, youre the one who decides whether theres more help or harm in it for you. Maybe all you need is find the right site for you. Perhaps switching from Facebook to Twitter, or from Instagram to YouTube. Or maybe youre done with all of them altogether and are ready to delete your entire social media presence for good. If that feels a little too extreme, considering doing a social media detox might something once in a while Social media can be a good thing, of course, and Im not saying you need to abandon social media for good. But too much of a good can absolutely be harmful. In conclusion to this, my opinion regarding to the question: Does social media imply a positive or negative effect on the society? The answer is that it has a balance of both negative and positive, but I see the negative impacts weight more than the positive ones. It does not totally bring more deceit nor bring reality, it serves both and that way people become more observant and knowledgeable.

The Bell Jar, by Sylvia Plath - 1318 Words

As one of the most renowned and well-known literary critics in the world of composition, Harold Bloom has self-importantly granted himself the privilege of specifying the reasons as to why we read. From human connection to self-actualization to the acquirement of knowledge, he adheres passionately and unquestionably that â€Å"the strongest, most authentic motive for deep reading†¦is the search for a difficult pleasure.† Bloom, as an experienced critic, fully recognizes the task of judging a book for its merit. Harold Bloom understands that we read not only to learn of literary composition but also because â€Å"we require knowledge, not just of self and others, but of the way things are.† This proves true to essentially all humans for any great†¦show more content†¦Both Dr. Gordon and Esther’s mother fail to understand her despair. They encourage Esther to forget her pain instead of trying to understand it. Because both her mother and doctor have f ailed her, Esther must learn to solve her problems on her own. She no longer believes in a cure for her illness and so she relies on the only escape she has left: suicide. Her thoughts on suicide are described in a straightforward, matter of fact manner. She focuses more on the practicalities of her death, how and where it should be done, as opposed to the reasons why she would do it. Her calm outlook on the inevitability of her death suggests that she must do it simply because she sees no other way to escape her pain. As she is most rational when planning her suicide, her point of view is easily understood and her actions seem reasonable. While Esther is certainly mentally ill, she experiences moments of clarity in which she can address her own sadness. She describes her illness as a bell jar, a recurring metaphor for confinement, in that wherever she went, she would be â€Å"sitting under the same glass bell jar, stewing in my own sour air† (Plath 207). Esther feels trapped within her own head, plagued by the same thoughts of insecurity and despondency over and over again. Following her suicide attempts, Esther is placed under the care of Dr. Nolan, aShow MoreRelatedThe Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath1211 Words   |  5 PagesOn January 14th of 1963, Sylvia Plath had finally completed The Bell Jar after approximately two years of writing. This novel could have been considered a partial autobiography, because the main character Esther Greenwood eerily represents Sylvia Plath. There are a number of references to Plath’s real life throughout the book, too many for it to be considered a mere coincidence. Within the story, Esther Greenwood considers and attempts suicide quite frequently. Could this novel have been foreshadowingRead MoreThe Bell Jar By Sylvia Plath Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesthe novel been translated into nearly a dozen different languages, but it is also the only novel under the American writer and poet Sylvia Plath. She wrote this n ovel to resemble her life whenever she was dealing with mental illness. It was published in 1967 and was not published in the United States until 1971. After the first publication in the United Kingdom, Plath committed suicide in a very tragic way.   Even though this novel can be viewed as â€Å"dark†, many english classes read this world wideRead MoreThe Bell Jar By Sylvia Plath1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bell Jar by: Sylvia Plath Depression is a serious topic throughout the world, especially in America. Depression can result in someone feeling completely alone. There is no direct cause for depression in adolescents, but it can be brought on by the maturing process, stress from failure in some sort, a traumatic or disturbing event such as death, or even a break up. Sure, everyone has an off day here and there, where they feel like they shouldn’t even bother getting out bed in the morning, butRead MoreThe Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath1211 Words   |  5 PagesSylvia Plath Research Paper Title The Bell Jar place[s] [the] turbulent months[of an adolescent’s life] in[to] mature perspective (Hall, 30). In The Bell Jar, Sylvia Plath uses parallelism, stream of consciousness, the motif of renewal and rebirth, symbolism of the boundary-driven entrapped mentally ill, and auto-biographical details to epitomize the mental downfall of protagonist, Esther Greenwood. Plath also explores the idea of how grave these timeless and poignant issues can affect a fragileRead More The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath1820 Words   |  7 PagesIdentity is fragile and is a characteristic that every person must discover without hiding behind inexperience’s and excluding themselves from the outside world of reality or else their own personal bell jar will suffocate them alive. The Bell Jar, a semi-autobiographical novel written by Sylvia Plath portrays how a young woman with too many identities and unrealistic expectations overwhelms herself to the point that she contemplates and attempts su icide multiple times. Esther Greenwood, a young collegeRead MoreThe Bell Jar By Sylvia Plath942 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment of her relationship with many characters in the novel, The Bell Jar. Esther is mentally and emotionally different than a majority of the people in her community. As a result of this state, she often has difficulty taking criticism to heart. Her depression continues to build throughout the novel as she remains in the asylum. It does not help that she has no aid from her loved ones. In the novel, The Bell Jar, Sylvia Plath utilizes the relationships that Esther shares with Buddy Willard MrsRead MoreThe Bell Jar By Sylvia Plath1274 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath the prime character, Esther Greenwood, struggles to handle life in her own skin. She feels as though she is trapped in a glass bell jar with no escape because of her incapability to comprehend herself. For example, in chapter one Plath states, â€Å"‘My name s Elly H igginbottom,’ I said. ‘I come from Chicago.’ After that I felt safer. I didn t want anything I said or did that night to be associated with me and my real name and coming from Boston† (Plath 11). In thisRead MoreThe Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath1554 Words   |  6 Pagestrials and triumphs in their personal life, their relationships with others and their surroundings. In the Bell Jar, Sylvia Plath explores the role of women in society in 1950s New York City through her relationships and interactions. Esther Greenwood is the major character and is therefore central to the novel. The book is considered to be a â€Å"roman a` clef† portraying the painful summer of Sylvia Plath’s psychotic breakdown in 1953, and contains â€Å"thinly disguised portraits of her family and friends†Read MoreThe Bell Jar By Sylvia Plath1940 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to the Merriam Webster dictionary, the definition of the word â€Å"bell jar† is, †Å"a bell-shaped usually glass vessel designed to contain objects or preserve gases and or a vacuum†. Sylvia Plath’s title, The Bell Jar, symbolically represents her feeling towards the seclusion and inferiority women endured trapped by societes glass vessel during the 1950’s. The Bell Jar, follows the life of Esther Greenwood, the protagonist and narrator of the story, during her desperate attempt to become a womanRead MoreThe Bell Jar By Sylvia Plath851 Words   |  4 Pages The bell Jar by Sylvia Plath is a bildungsroman fictional novel, and documents a first person account of Esther Greenwood’s struggle with depression from her late teens to early twenty’s. During Esther’s final path of destruction, her encounter with Marco leads her to one of many revelations about societies expectations for women and this reality along with many other factors sends Esther to her near demise. Before Esther’s encounter with Marco she was experiencing life in New York

Pride of China Free Essays

The four-century-long Han rule is divided into two periods: the Earlier or Western Han and the Later or Eastern Han. In between these two was the short-lived Hsin Dynasty (AD 9-23). The Chinese show their pride in Han accomplishments by calling themselves the Han people. We will write a custom essay sample on Pride of China or any similar topic only for you Order Now Philosophies and institutions that began in the Chou and Ch’in periods reached maturity under the Han. During Han times, the Chinese distinguished themselves in making scientific discoveries, many of which were not known to Westerners until centuries later. The Chinese were most advanced in astronomy. They invented sundials and water clocks, divided the day equally into ten and then into 12 periods, devised the lunar calendar that continued to be used until 1912, and recorded sunspots regularly. In mathematics, the Chinese were the first to use the place value system, whereby the value of a component of a number is indicated by its placement. Other innovations were of a more practical nature: wheelbarrows, locks to control water levels in streams and canals, and compasses. The Han Chinese were especially distinguished in the field of art. The famous sculpture of the â€Å"Han flying horse† and the carving of the jade burial suit found in Han period tombs are only two superb examples. The technique of making lacquer ware was also highly developed. The Chinese are proudest of the tradition of historical writing that began in the Han period. Ssu-ma Ch’ien (145? -85? BC) was grand historian (an office that combined the duties of court recorder and astronomer) during the time of Wu Ti. His `Historical Records’, which took ten years to complete, established the pattern and style followed by subsequent histories. In the Later Han, the historical tradition was continued by the Pan family. Pan Piao, the father, started to bring Ssu-ma Ch’ien’s `Records’ up to date. The work was continued by his son Pan Ku (twin brother of the general Pan Ch’ao) and was completed by his daughter Pan Chao, China’s earliest and most famous woman scholar. Unlike Ssu-ma Ch’ien, the Pan family limited their work to 230 years of the Early Han. This was the first of the dynastic histories, subsequently written for every dynasty. Pan Chao also wrote a highly influential work on the education of women, `Lessons for Women’. Lessons’ emphasized the â€Å"virtues† of women, which restricted women’s activities. The Confucianism that the Han Dynasty restored differed from the original teachings of Confucius. The leading Han philosophers, Tung Chung-shu and others, used principles derived from the early Chinese philosophy of nature to interpret the ancient texts. The Chinese philosophy of nature explained the workings of the universe by the alternating forces of yin and yang–dark and light–and the five elements: earth, wood, metal, fire, and water. The Han period was marked by a broad eclecticism. Many Han emperors favored Taoism, especially the Taoist idea of immortality. Earlier (Western) Han (202 BC-AD 9). The Han Kao Tsu preserved many features of the Ch’in imperial system, such as the administrative division of the country and the central bureaucracy. But the Han rulers lifted the Ch’in ban on philosophical and historical writings. Han Kao Tsu called for the services of men of talent, not only to restore the destroyed classics but to serve as officials in the government. From that time, the Chinese Empire was governed by a body of officials theoretically selected on merit. Such a practice has few parallels elsewhere at this early date in human history. The new ruler who restored peace and order was a member of the house of Han, the original Liu family. His title was Kuang Wu Ti, â€Å"Shining Martial Emperor,† from AD 25 to 57. During the Later Han, which lasted another 200 years, a concerted but unsuccessful effort was made to restore the glory of the former Han. The Later Han scored considerable success in recovering lost territories, however. Sent to befriend the tribes on the northwestern frontier in AD 73, a great diplomat-general, Pan Ch’ao, eventually led an army of 70,000 almost to the borders of eastern Europe. Pan Ch’ao returned to China in 101 and brought back information about the Roman Empire. The Romans also knew about China, but they thought of it only as the land where silk was produced. The Han Dynasty lasted four hundred years. The term â€Å"The Han people† comes from the name of this dynasty. (The English term for â€Å"China† comes from the name of the previous dynasty Ch’in). The Han dynasty is the East Asian counterpart of and contemporary with Rome in its golden age. During this dynasty, China officially became a Confucian state, prospered domestically, and extended its political and cultural influence over Vietnam, Central Asia, Mongolia, and Korea before finally collapsing under a mixture of domestic and external pressures. The Han ruling line was briefly interrupted by the usurpation of a famous reformer, Wang Mang, whose interlude on the throne from A. D. 9 to 23 in known as the Hsin dynasty. Historians therefore subdivide the Han period into two parts, Former (or Western) Han (capital at Ch’ang-an, present day Xi’an) and Later (Eastern) Han (capital at Loyang). How to cite Pride of China, Essay examples

Values, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction Essay Example

Values, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction Essay Regardless of which studies you choose to look at, when American workers are asked if they are satisfied with their jobs, the results tend to be very similar: Between 70 and 80 percent report theyre satisfied with their jobs (p. 61). 1 How does one explain these findings? †¦ Because people are likely to seek jobs that provide a good person-job fit, reports of high satisfaction shouldnt be totally surprising. Second, based on our knowledge of cognitive dissonance theory (discussed in this chapter), we might expect employees to resolve inconsistencies between dissatisfaction with their jobs and their staying with those jobs by not reporting the dissatisfaction. So these positive findings might be tainted by efforts to reduce dissonance (p. 61). tainted = belastet, „verdorbenâ€Å" 2 VALUES Values: Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. Value System: A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individuals values in terms of their intensity. Are values fluid and flexible? Generally speaking, No! Values tend to be relatively stable and enduring. A significant portion of the values we hold is established in our early years – from parents, teachers, friends, and others. As children, we are told that certain behaviors or outcomes are always desirable or always undesirable. There were few gray areas†¦ It is this absolute or black-or-white learning of values that more or less assures their stability and 3 endurance (p. 2). IMPORTANCE OF VALUES Values are important to the study of organizational behavior because they lay the foundation for the understanding of attitudes and motivation and because they influence our perceptions (p. 62). TYPES OF VALUES a) Terminal Values: Desirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime. achieving ones terminal values. b) Instru mental Values: Preferable modes of behavior or means of 4 Terminal Values We will write a custom essay sample on Values, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Values, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Values, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A comfortable life (a prosperous life) An exiting life (a stimulating, active life) A sense of accomplishment (lasting contribution) A world at peace (free of war and conflict) A world of beauty (beauty of nature and the arts) Equality (brotherhood, equal opportunity for all) Family security (taking care of loved ones) Freedom (independence, free choice) Happiness (contentedness) Inner harmony (freedom from inner conflict) Mature love (sexual and spiritual intimacy) National security (protection from attack) Pleasure (an enjoyable, leisurely life) Salvation (saved, eternal life) Self-respect (self-esteem) Social recognition (respect, admiration) True friendship (close companionship) Wisdom (a mature understanding of life) Instrumental Values Ambitious (hardworking, aspiring) Broad-minded (open-minded) Capable (competent, effective) Cheerful (lighthearted, joyful) Clean (neat, tidy) Courageous (standing up for your beliefs) Forgiving (willing to pardon others) Helpful (working for the welfare of others) Honest (sincere, truthful) Imaginative (daring, creative) Independent (self-reliant, self-sufficient) Intellectual (intelligent, reflective) Logical (consistent, rational) Loving (affectionate, tender) Obedient (dutiful, respectful) Polite (courteous, well-mannered) Responsible (dependable, reliable) Self-controlled (restrained, self-disciplined) 5 Dominant Work Values in Todays Workforce Year Born Entered the Workforce Approximate Dominant Current Age Work Values 55-75 early 1960s 45-55 35-45 Under 35 Hard work, conservative; loyalty to the organization Quality of life, nonconforming, seeks autonomy; loyalty to self Success, achievement, ambition, hard work; loyalty to career Flexibility, job satisfaction, balanced lifestyle; loyalty to relationships Stage I. Protestant work ethic II. Existential III. Pragmatic 1925-1945 Early 1940s to 1945-1955 1960s to mid-1970s 1955-1965 Mid-1970s to late 1980s IV. Generation X 1965-1981 Late 1980s to present I. 6 Contemporary Work Cohorts Workers who †¦ entered the workforce from the early 1940s through the early 1960s believing in the Protestant work ethic. Once hired, they tended to be loyal to their employer (p. 64). Employees who entered the workforce during the 19 60s through the mid-1970s were influenced heavily by John F. Kennedy, the civil rights movement, the Beatles, the Vietnam war, and baby boom competition. They brought with them a large measure of the hippie ethic and existential philosophy. They are more concerned with the quality of their lives than with the amount of money and possessions they can accumulate. Their desire for autonomy has directed their loyalty toward themselves rather than toward the organization that employs them (p. 65). 7 Individuals who entered the workforce from the mid-1970s though the late 1980s reflect the societys return to more traditional values, but with far greater emphasis on achievement and material success. As a generation, they were strongly influenced by Reagan conservatism†¦, these workers are pragmatists who believe that ends can justify means. They see the organizations that employ them merely as vehicles for their careers (p. 65). Our final category encompasses what has become known as generation X. Their lives have been shaped by globalization, the fall of communism, MTV, AIDS, and computers. They value flexibility, a balanced lifestyle, and the achievement of job satisfaction. Family and relationships are very important to this cohort. Money is important as an indicator of career performance, but they are willing to trade off salary increases, titles, security, and promotions for increased leisure time and expanded lifestyle options (p. 65). 8 VALUES ACROSS CULTURES „Because values differ across cultures, an understanding of these differences should be helpful in explaining and predicting behavior of employees from different countriesâ€Å" (p. 66). A Framework for Assessing Cultures Power Distance Individualism versus Collectivism Quantity of Life versus Quality of Life (Hofstede called this dimension masculinity versus femininity, but weve changed his terms because of their strong sexist connotation. ) Uncertainty Avoidance Long-Term versus Short-Term Orientation 9 Power Distance: A national culture attribute describing the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. Individualism: A national culture attribute describing the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than a member of groups. A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. Collectivism: 10 Quantity of Life: A national culture attribute describing the extent to which societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism. assertiveness = Durchsetzungsvermogen, Bestimmtheit Quality of Life: A national culture attribute that emphasizes relationships and concern for others. xtent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them. Uncertainty Avoidance: A national culture attribute describing the 11 Long-Term Orientation: A nati onal culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence. persistence = Beharrlichkeit thrift = Sparsamkeit Short-Term Orientation: A national culture attribute that emphasizes the past and present, respect for tradition, and fulfilling social obligation. 12 Examples of Cultural Dimensions Power Distance Individualism Quantity of Life Uncertainty Avoidance Long-Term Orientation Country China France Germany Hong Kong Indonesia Japan Netherlands Russia United States West Africa High High Low High High Moderate Low High Low High Low High High Low Low Moderate High Moderate High Low Moderate Moderate High High Moderate High Low Low High Moderate Moderate High Moderate Low Low Moderate Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate Moderate Low Low Low 13 Dell Computer learned that Chinese work values differ from U. S. work values when it opened a computer factory in Xiamen, China. Chinese workers view the concept of a job for life. They expect to drink tea and read the papers on the job – and still keep their jobs. Dell China executives had to train employees so they understood that their jobs depended on their performance. To instill workers with a sense of ownership, managers gave employees stock options and explained to them how their increased productivity would result in higher pay (p. 67). to instill = beibringen, etwas einflo? en 14 ATTITUDES Attitudes: Cognitive Component of an Attitude: Affective Component of an Attitude: Evaluative statements or judgements concerning objects, people, or events. The opinion or belief segment of an attitude. The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude. Behavioral Component of an Attitude: An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. 15 In organizations, attitudes are important because they affect job behavior. If workers believe, for example, that supervisors, auditors, bosses, and time-and-motion engineers are all in conspiracy to make employees work harder for the same or less money, then it makes sense to try to understand how these attitudes were formed, their relationship to actual job behavior, and how they might be changed† (p. 68). TYPES OF ATTITUDES A person can have thousands of attitudes, but OB focuses our attention on a very limited number of job-related attitudes. These jobrelated attitudes tap positive or negative evaluations that employees hold about aspects of their work environment. Most of the research in OB has been concerned with three attitudes: job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment (p. 68). to top = hier: sich beziehen auf 16 Job Satisfaction The term job satisfaction refers to an individuals general attitude toward his or her job†¦ Because of the high importance OB researchers have given to job satisfaction, well review this att itude in considerable detail later in this chapter (p. 69). Job Involvement: The degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her performance important to self-worth. High levels of job involvement have been found to be related to fewer absences and lower resignation rates. However, it seems to more consistently predict turnover than absenteeism (p. 69). 17 Organizational Commitment: The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization. As with job involvement, the research evidence demonstrates negative relationships between organizational commitment and both absenteeism and turnover (p. 69). Changing Attitudes Can you change unfavourable employee attitudes? Sometimes! It depends on who you are, the strength of the employees attitude, the magnitude of the change, and the technique you choose to try to change the attitude (p. 75). 18 JOB SATISFACTION †¦ an individuals general attitude toward his or her job (p. 76). THE EFFECT OF JOB SATISFACTION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE a) a) Satisfaction and Productivity †¦ happy workers arent necessarily productive workers. At the individual level, the evidence suggests the reverse to be more accurate – that productivity is likely to lead to satisfaction (p. 77). But: When satisfaction and productivity data are gathered for the organization as a whole, rather than at the individual level, we find that organizations with more satisfied employees tend to be more effective than organizations with less satisfied employees (p. 77). 19 b) Satisfaction and Absenteeism We find a consistent negative relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism, but the correlation is moderate†¦ While it certainly makes sense that dissatisfied employees are more likely to miss work, other factors have an impact on the relationship and reduce the correlation coefficient (p. 78). c) Satisfaction and Turnover Satisfaction is also negatively related to turnover, but the correlation is stronger than what we found for absenteeism. Yet, again, other factors such as labor market conditions, expectations about alternative job opportunities, and length of tenure with the organization are important constraints on the actual decision to leave ones current job (p. 78). tenure = Dauer der Unternehmenszugehorigkeit 20 HOW EMPLOYEES CAN EXPRESS DISSATISFACTION/ RESPONSES TO JOB DISSATISFACTION Active EXIT Destructive NEGLECT VOICE Constructive LOYALTY Passive 21 Exit: Voice: Dissatisfaction expressed through behavior directed toward leaving the organization. Dissatisfaction expressed through active and constructive attempts to improve conditions. conditions to improve. worsen. Loyalty: Dissatisfaction expressed by passively waiting for Neglect: Dissatisfaction expressed through allowing conditions to 22